A detailed explanation of fundamental concepts of designs are discussed in Part I. The rest of the concepts and terms are continued in Part II below
4. Load Balancing and Traffic Distribution
4.1. Application Load Balancers
Application Load Balancers distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers to ensure no single server becomes overwhelmed. They operate at Layer 7 of the OSI model, allowing them to make routing decisions based on the content of the request. This enables intelligent traffic management, ensuring each request is sent to the most suitable server.
Enhanced Scalability: Application Load Balancers can dynamically scale with demand, adding or removing servers as needed.
Improved Fault Tolerance: They detect unhealthy instances and automatically reroute traffic to healthy ones, enhancing application availability.
Session Persistence: Application Load Balancers can maintain session information, ensuring continuity for users interacting with stateful applications.
4.2. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Optimizing Data Storage and Retrieval
CDNs consist of strategically placed servers worldwide that cache and deliver content closer to end-users. This minimizes latency and reduces the load on origin servers. CDNs use edge locations to store copies of content, ensuring rapid delivery regardless of the user's location.
Global Content Distribution: CDNs replicate content to multiple edge locations, reducing the distance data needs to travel, which significantly speeds up content delivery.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Protection: CDNs offer robust DDoS protection, absorbing traffic spikes and safeguarding your infrastructure.
Content Caching and Compression: By caching static content and compressing data, CDNs reduce the load on origin servers and improve overall performance.
5. Database Sharding and Replication
5.1. Sharding Strategies for Horizontal Scalability
Database sharding involves partitioning a large database into smaller, more manageable pieces (shards). Each shard is hosted on a separate server, allowing for parallel processing of queries. Sharding is an effective way to distribute the load and achieve horizontal scalability.
5.2. Data Replication for High Availability
Data replication involves creating copies of the database on multiple servers. This ensures that if one server fails, a replica can take over seamlessly. Replication improves availability and allows for read scalability by directing read queries to replicas.
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